THE HINDU EDITORIAL – September 4, 2017
THE HINDU EDITORIAL – September 4, 2017
i) Economy outlook still cloudy
The government’s move this past week to publish economic data for the April to June quarter of this year needs a look. The real growth of GDP, i.e. after removing the impact of inflation, was only 5.7%, much lower than expected. For the past six consecutive quarters, the growth rate has gone down steadily, from 9.2% at the end of the quarter ending March 2016, to 7.9%, 7.5%, 7.0%, 6.1% and now 5.7% at the end of the June quarter.This steady declining trend in the growth rate is all the more troublesome because the economy otherwise enjoys a rather conducive combination of macroeconomic parameters. Inflation has been moderate, and touched a low of 1.5% recently. Both trade and fiscal deficits are moderate and manageable. So they don’t eat up investible resources or precious foreign exchange. Even the interest rate has been cut repeatedly over the past year and a half. The inward rush of dollars is at a peak, both in financial markets (stocks and bonds) and as direct investment. No wonder the stock market index is at an all-time high. Even oil prices, the bane of the Indian economy, have been stable and comfortably low. Finally, the monsoon has been normal. So despite these favourable macro factors, we have not managed to convert them into a higher growth rate.As cautioned in the Economic Survey tabled recently in Parliament, it looks as if the growth rate will be below 7% this fiscal year. That would be a potential loss of 1% growth, which we can legitimatelyaspire for. In nominal terms, one percentage less of growth translates into a loss of ₹1.5 lakh crore of national income. This is a notional loss, or is rather what might have been. It also signifies millions of jobs not created.If you look closer at the numbers, you find that manufacturing growth at 1.2% is the lowest in the past five years. It’s the lowest since we switched to a new methodology (based on Gross Value Added). Some of this downward movement was caused supposedly by the suspension of manufacturing activity prior to the rollout of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in July, and consequent de-stocking of inventory. But it is also corroborated by data from commercial banks. From April to August bank credit shrank by 1.8%, i.e. negative growth. This is the lowest it has been for at least 13 years. If you remove retail loans such as housing and other personal loans, credit to industry might actually be shrinking. This was flagged back in April also when the annual credit flow from banking for the previous fiscal year clocked a multi-decadal low. A State Bank of India report said that credit growth for the year ending last March was the lowest in 63 years!
A telling metric
The GDP is measured in at least two different ways. The first is by looking at the production side while the second is by looking at the spending side. We look at the aggregate of all spending, whether on consumption, or by foreigners buying our exports, or on investments into new factories and projects. In addition we also have government spending. The growth in GDP can be traced to the growth and vigour of each of these components. Investment, which is between 30 and 35% of the total pie, needs to grow at least in double digits. Investment in future capacity creates GDP growth of the future. It needs to be led by the private sector. Currently, that component is barely growing at 1.5%. This is the single most telling metric. As a result, capital formation (the basis of future growth) is steadily declining for several years. Private sector investment has practically come to a standstill. Despite the push for ‘Make in India’, reforms for improving ‘Ease of Doing Business’, increased access to electricity, improvement in infrastructure and private investment are not picking up. This must become the big priority. Initiatives such as Housing For All, Smart Cities and Digital India give room for huge opportunities for private entrepreneurs. Of course the corporate sector and banks have been affected by the twin balance sheet squeeze wherein corporates are over-leveraged, and banks have mounting bad loans. Whether the new insolvency code and regulator and the Reserve Bank of India’s aggressive intervention will crack this puzzle remains to be seen.
Strengthening rupee
Another significant challenge to the domestic industry is the ever-strengthening rupee. Since January the rupee is 7% stronger compared to the American dollar. It is stronger than its Asian peer currencies too, including China, the Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand. This directly hurts our export prospects. Since last October, our export growth has begun showing positive growth, after a long phase of negative growth for 18 months. But thanks to the strong rupee, this trend is weakening. Indeed our exports are barely up 12% since January, whereas imports are up more than 30%.More importantly, the strong rupee hurts the domestic industry since cheaper imports flood the country and eat into the market share of domestic players. The GST regime has given an extra advantage to importer traders since the countervailing duty that they now pay as GST can be offset against other taxes, a concession which was not available earlier. The big jump in imports is also captured in the June quarter of GDP data, which also show a worrying jump in gold imports, again thanks to a strong rupee. It’s no use saying that since India is a net importing country, our exchange rate should be stronger. If we remove gold imports, a large part of which is not for consumption but as store of value, then our trade deficit will be much smaller. Besides most of our other imports are oil or capital goods, both of which are price inelastic. The rupee needs to be weakened or else it will hurt domestic manufacturing even more.
Looking at demonetisation
Finally, one must not forget the continuing adverse impact of demonetisation. The first half of the last fiscal year, that is the period prior to demonetisation, recorded a real growth of 7.7%. The present April to June quarter’s growth at 5.7% certainly includes the negative impact on the informal and rural economy. Investment and consumption spending which were postponed due to cash shortage might recover. But jobs that are lost are lost forever. Even the Economic Survey warns about the deflationary impact of low agricultural prices. The agriculture sector GDP shows nominal GDP growth to be lower than real GDP, which is very unusual. It means that farmers’ incomes will be depressed, and doubling of farm incomes in five years becomes that much more of a distant dream.Perhaps in the coming quarters we may see a rebound. That will crucially depend on a big pick-up in manufacturing and private investment spending. The big structural reforms of GST, the new insolvency code, the new monetary framework and Aadhaar linkage are measures which will show results in the medium to long term. What we need is an immediate stimulus to re-inject the momentum to get us to 8% growth.
ii) Back to the ballot
The Kenyan Supreme Court’s annulment of the presidential vote is a bitter-sweet victory for an ethnically divided country exasperated by the brutal violence that has marred successive polls. Friday’s decision is a challenge to the election commission, which needs to repair its tarnished reputation. It is also a challenge to the political parties, which need to find a dignified way of settling election disputes. President Uhuru Kenyatta’s opponent, RailaOdinga, a three-time contender, alleged that the integrity of the polls was compromised during the cumbersome data transformation process, from ballot boxes to computers. The violence that followed the declaration of the results exacerbated tribal divisions, and left at least 20 people dead. It was not of the order of the post-poll violence in 2007, when more than 1,000 people were killed and for which several politicians faced trial at the International Criminal Court for alleged crimes against humanity. The 2013 campaign, held under a new constitution, was equally chaotic and controversial and the final verdict was challenged by Mr.Odinga. Despite an overhaul of the poll mechanism, this year there was increased scepticism over the prospects for free and fair polls following the murder of a top official from the electoral body. Given the absence of the institutional prerequisites of a functioning modern democracy, there is the real danger of a steady erosion of popular legitimacy for any form of representative government. But there is a positive dimension to Kenyan politics. Governments have deferred to the principle of periodic renewal of the popular mandate ever since the country returned to multi-party democracy in the 1990s. This is in stark contrast to the practice in some African nations where incumbents resort to constitutional fiat to stay in office almost indefinitely.For all these reasons, the Kenyan court’s decision for a repeat election appeals to common sense, despite its characterisation by some as relatively peaceful. The rerun, to be held within 60 days, is of course bound to raise genuine doubts about the efficacy of the electoral mechanism to undertake another mammoth and expensive operation, with no guarantee of a clear result. Mr.Odinga’s supporters are naturally enthused about another chance at the hustings; but there would be few takers for any more outcries of foul play, whatever the outcome. In an assertion of judicial independence, the court has taken a calculated gamble on the country’s democratic future. Politics should commensurately evolve to a level of accountability where the habit of exploiting traditional loyalties gives way to respect for human rights and observance of the rule of law. Kenya is in the midst of a prolonged drought, and many face the risk of starvation. Kenyans need, above all, a stable government committed to mitigating their sufferings.
iii) Perform or perish
For a change, performance, and not political expedience, seems to have dictated the nature and extent of the shuffle in the Council of Ministers. A few of the poor performers have been shown the door, notably Ministers of State BandaruDattatreya and Rajiv Pratap Rudy, and some of the better performers among the Ministers of State have been elevated to Cabinet rank, including NirmalaSitharaman, PiyushGoyal and DharmendraPradhan. Kalraj Mishra probably lost out because of the age factor, an indication that Prime Minister NarendraModi is serious about the 75-year-rule. Four of the entrants are former civil servants, and two of them, Hardeep Singh Puri and AlphonsKannanthanam, are not even MPs. As Ministers with independent charge, their mandate will be to single-mindedly focus on results without having to worry about nurturing a constituency or reporting to a career politician. After her eventful stint in the Commerce Ministry, Ms.Sitharaman was rewarded with the Defence Ministry, making her only the second woman after Indira Gandhi to hold the portfolio. But the choices are also an indication of the small talent pool before Mr.Modi. At the time he was sworn in, he included in his team ArunJaitley and SmritiIrani despite their having lost in the LokSabha election. ManoharParrikar was asked to resign as Chief Minister of Goa to assume responsibility as Defence Minister, only to be sent back after the BJP all but lost Goa in the Assembly election this year. V.K. Singh, a former Army Chief who joined the BJP just before he was given the party ticket, was made Minister of State for External Affairs. Suresh Prabhu, who was side-lined in the Shiv Sena, was persuaded to join the BJP and given the important portfolio of Railways. And now, despite his offer to resign after a series of rail accidents, he was asked to wait and then made Minister for Commerce and Industry.Of course, it will be far from the truth to say that nothing but performance has mattered. Ms.Irani, who was moved out of the Human Resource Development Ministry after a string of controversies, retains the key Information and Broadcasting portfolio. Uma Bharti was divested of her pet portfolio of River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation but got Drinking Water and Sanitation instead. The mercurialMs.Bharti would have been a difficult person to keep out, and the change of portfolios is a political compromise. However, by choosing to ignore the claims of the BJP’s allies, and by making no attempt to correct imbalances in regional representation, Mr.Modi succeeded in creating the impression that he had nothing in mind other than picking the best person for each job. In neglecting political claims he actually sent the political signal he wanted to: that he is his own man and that he will have the team he wants.
Words/Vocabulary:
1) Conducive
Meaning: Making a certain situation or outcome likely or possible.
Example: The harsh lights and cameras were hardly conducive to a relaxed atmosphere.
Synonyms: Good for, Helpful to
Antonyms: Unfavourable
2) Investible
Meaning: Available to be invested.
Example: Hedge funds accounted for 2% of all investable assets.
3) Inward
Meaning: Directed or proceeding towards the inside; coming in from outside.
Example: Inward mail.
Synonyms: Ingoing, Concave
Antonyms: Outward
4) Bane
Meaning: A cause of great distress or annoyance.
Example: The telephone was the bane of my life.
Synonyms: Scourge, Ruin
5) Legitimately
Meaning: In a way that conforms to the law or to rules.
Example: They can prove that the funds were acquired legitimately.
6) Aspire
Meaning: Direct one’s hopes or ambitions towards achieving something; Rise high; tower.
Example: We never thought that we might aspire to those heights.
Synonyms: Desire to, Aim to
Antonyms: feckless
7) Corroborated
Meaning: Confirm or give support to (a statement, theory, or finding).
Example: The witness had corroborated the boy’s account of the attack.
Synonyms: Confirm, Verify
Antonyms: Contradict
8) Vigour
Meaning: Effort, energy, and enthusiasm.
Example: They set about the new task with vigour.
Synonyms: Robustness, Hardiness
Antonyms: Weakness
9) Standstill
Meaning: A situation or condition in which there is no movement or activity at all.
Example: The traffic came to a standstill.
Synonyms: Halt, stop
10) Over-leveraged
Meaning: (of a company) having taken on too much debt.
Example: When prices collapsed, many over-leveraged developers went bankrupt.
11) Intervention
Meaning: Take part in something so as to prevent or alter a result or course of events.
Example: He acted outside his authority when he intervened in the dispute.
Synonyms: Intercede
12) Countervailing
Meaning: Having equal force but an opposite effect.
Example: There was nobody strong enough to lead an effective countervailing force against the dictator.
Synonyms: Opposing and against
13) Offset
Meaning: To balance one influence against an opposing influence, so that there is no great difference as a result:
Example: The extra cost of travelling to work is offset by the lower price of houses here.
Synonyms: Balance and imbalance
14) Concession
Meaning: A thing that is granted, especially in response to demands.
Example: The government was unwilling to make any further concessions.
Synonyms: Compromise, Adjustment, Admission
Antonyms:Denial, Retention
15) Adverse
Meaning: Preventing success or development; harmful; unfavourable.
Example: Taxes are having an adverse effect on production.
Synonyms: Unfavourable, Disadvantage
Antonyms: favourable, Beneficial
16) Rebound
Meaning: Recover in value, amount, or strength after a decrease or decline.
Example: The Share Index rebounded to show a twenty-point gain.
Synonyms: Recover, Rally
17) Annulment
Meaning: To officially announce that something such as a law, agreement, or marriage no longer exists.
Example: The applicant sought the annulment of the decision.
Synonyms: Invalidation, Nullification
Antonyms:Restoration, Enactment
18) Exasperated
Meaning: Irritate intensely; infuriate.
Example: This futile process exasperates prison officers.
Synonyms: Infuriate, Incense
Antonyms: Please, Delight
19) Tarnished
Meaning: Make or become less valuable or respected.
Example: His regime had not been tarnished by human rights abuses.
Synonyms: Sully, Besmirch
Antonyms: Enhance
20) Disputes
Meaning: A disagreement or argument.
Example: A territorial dispute between the two countries.
Synonyms: Debate, Discussion
Antonyms: Agreement
21) Cumbersome
Meaning: Large or heavy and therefore difficult to carry or use; Slow or complicated and therefore inefficient.
Example: Organizations with cumbersome hierarchical structures.
Synonyms: Un-widely, Unmanageable, Complicated
Antonyms: Manageable, Convenient
22) Exacerbated
Meaning: Make (a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling) worse.
Example: The exorbitant cost of land in urban areas only exacerbated the problem.
Synonyms: Aggravate, Make worse
Antonyms: Calm, Reduce
23) Chaotic
Meaning: In a state of complete confusion and disorder.
Example: The political situation was chaotic.
Synonyms: Disorderly, Disorganised
Antonyms: Orderly
24) Overhaul
Meaning: Analyse and improve (a system).
Example: Moves to overhaul the income tax system.
Synonyms: Correcting and Mending
25) Scepticism
Meaning: A sceptical attitude; doubt as to the truth of something.
Example: These claims were treated with scepticism.
Synonyms: Doubt, Doubtfulness
Antonyms: Conviction, Belief
26) Erosion
Meaning: The gradual destruction or diminution of something.
Example: The erosion of support for the party.
Synonyms: Abrasion, Scraping away
27) Efficacy
Meaning: The ability to produce a desired or intended result.
Example: There is little information on the efficacy of this treatment.
Synonyms: Efficient and effective
28) Enthused
Meaning: Express eager enjoyment, interest, or approval regarding something.
Example: They both enthused over my new look.
Synonyms: Rave, Be enthusiastic
29) Hustings
Meaning: The political activities and speeches that happen before an election and are intended to win votes.
Example: Three weeks before the election the candidates are all out on/at the hustings.
30) Outcries
Meaning: A strong expression of anger and disapproval about something, made by a group of people or by the public.
Example: The public outcry over the bombing.
Synonyms: Opposing and against
Antonyms: Indifference
31) Commensurately
Meaning: Corresponding in size or degree; in proportion.
Example: Salary will be commensurate with age and experience.
Synonyms: Equivalent, Equal
Antonyms: Disproportionate
32) Mitigating
Meaning: Make (something bad) less severe, serious, or painful.
Example: Drainage schemes have helped to mitigate this problem.
Synonyms: Alleviate, Reduce
Antonyms:Aggravate, Increase
33) Expedience
Meaning: The situation in which something is helpful or useful in a particular situation, but sometimes not morally acceptable.
Example: As a matter of expedience, we will not be taking on any new staff this year.
Synonyms: Useful or advantageous
34) Elevated
Meaning: Raise to a more important or impressive level.
Example: He was elevated to Secretary of State.
Synonyms: Promote, Upgrade
Antonyms:Demote
35) Entrants
Meaning: A person who becomes a member of a group or organization.
Example: New entrants to the school/Company.
Synonyms: New member, Fresher
Antonyms: Veteran
36) Nurturing
Meaning: Help or encourage the development of.
Example: My father nurtured my love of art.
Synonyms: Bring up, Care for
Antonyms: Neglect, Hinder
37) Persuaded
Meaning: Induce (someone) to do something through reasoning or argument.
Example: It wasn’t easy, but I persuaded him to do the right thing.
Synonyms: Prevail on, Convince
Antonyms:Dissuade, Discourage
38) String
Meaning: A series of related things or events.
Example: What do you think of the recent string of political scandals?
Synonyms: Series, succession
39) Divested
Meaning: Deprive someone of (power, rights, or possessions).
Example: Men are unlikely to be divested of power without a struggle.
Synonyms: Deprive, Strip
40) Mercurial
Meaning: Subject to sudden or unpredictable changes of mood or mind.
Example: She was entertaining but unpredictable, with mercurial mood swings.
Synonyms: Volatile, Capricious
Antonyms: Stable, Steady
