D.1-10): In the following passage there are words highlighted, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed below the passage and against each, four words are suggested marked as (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which only one word fits in. If the given word itself is appropriate mark your answer as (e).

C) As Hackers wreak havoc with depressing regularity, the insurance industry finds itself forced to (1)concede a whole new set of risks. They range from the theft of millions of credit-card numbers from American retailers to the disabling of the power (2)factor, as happened in Ukraine last December. The dedicated “cyber-insurance” policies that companies offer against data breaches have become relatively routine. But the risks they insure under other policies are also affected by cyber-risks—and they are still struggling to understand this so-called “silent” cyber-exposure. Insurance that protects firms who suffer data breaches has been on offer for around 15 years. It is much harder to put a precise value on, for example, stolen health records than on a property or car. Insurers sidestep the problem by covering only the direct costs that a company incurs from a hack. Typically, these include hiring a specialised forensics firm to work out exactly what was stolen, (3)publishing affected customers (which 47 American states currently require), short-term business interruption and fines. The industry will be shaken up by new EU data-protection rules, which come into force in 2018 and will impose (4)stricter notification requirements and stiffer fines for data breaches than firms have so far faced in America. Partly because of this, the market for cyber-insurance, which represented only $2.5bn in global premium revenue in 2014 (90% of which came from American companies), is expected to treble by 2020, according to PwC, a consultancy. That would still leave it tiny in comparison with, say, the $670bn global motor-insurance market. Data breaches are, however, for the most part a manageable (5)convenience rather than a disaster. Despite the hundreds that take place annually, only 90 since 2010 have been reported by American companies to regulators as having had a “material” impact on their business. The bigger concern is the “silent” exposure: cyber-attacks that cause physical damage or bodily injury and can end up (6)sedative other policies, such as life, home or commercial-property insurance. Often, such policies, though not designed with cyber-risks in mind, do not specifically exclude them either. In some cases the difference may be minor; a (7)hacker who enters a house by hacking a “smart” lock will not necessarily steal more than one who breaks a window. But cases such as the massive damage caused to a steelworks in Germany in 2014 by hackers who (8)arrayed with a blast furnace, or the hacking of the Ukrainian power grid (blamed by many on Russia), give insurers pause. They have added (9)urgency to efforts to understand, measure and (10)discard their exposures to these new threats.

1)

a) havoc

b) grant

c) confess

d) contemplate

e) No correction required.

2)

a) device

b) view

c) grid

d) saw

e) No correction required.

3)

a) notifying

b) assembling

c) producing

d) inducing

e) No correction required.

4)

a) moderate

b) imprecise

c) sweeper

d) lenient

e) No correction required.

5)

a) commiseration

b) solace

c) nuisance

d) grief

e) No correction required.

6)

a) soothing

b) calmative

c) downer

d) triggering

e) No correction required.

7)

a) phisher

b) burglar

c) knottier

d) cyber

e) No correction required.

8)

a) outfitted

b) stocked

c) equipped

d) messed

e) No correction required.

9)

a) reference

b) value

c) work

d) benefit

e) No correction required.

10)

a) incorporate

b) calibrate

c) enumerate

d) count

e) No correction required.

Cloze Test new pattern Questions : Set 1

Cloze Test new pattern Questions : Set 2

Cloze Test new pattern Questions : Set 4

Cloze Test new pattern Questions : Set 5